A traffic stop is a arrest in Missouri. I imagine I could stop a car for a traffic violation. In reality I would not, we pay cops to make traffic stops...
Exactly.
I prefer cops to investigate and gather as many facts as possible so as to mitigate the possibility of stopping a innocent citizen needlessly and thus violating his rights.
Again, your statement begs the question. Stopping an innocent person does not violate his rights if the officer has sufficient RAS or PC (as may be required) to legally effect the stop. On the flip side, even if a person is guilty as sin, stopping him absent RAS/PC does violate his rights.
RAS/PC is not actually dependent on whether the person actually did something wrong. It depends on whether the officer reasonably believes he did something wrong or has probable cause to believe he did something wrong. Neither RAS nor PC guarantees the person did something wrong. That is why we have the legal presumption of innocence, burden of proof on the prosecutors, and trials.
But you can't get to a trial if cops can't investigate. We require proof beyond a reasonable doubt to convict and impose criminal penalties. We require lower standards to take a man to trial. And yet lower standards than that (ie RAS or PC) to make stops or full blown detentions of varying lengths.
That you seem to implicitly believe that every stop or investigation of an innocent person violates his rights reveals a fundamental misunderstanding of the matter.
You did not mention that you were in violation of motor vehicle laws. Changes my view of the stop. Since the cop did not state that he stopped you for a (that) violation it seems to me, a complete guess on my part, that he chose to use his discretion and not bother with a minor violation since he was looking for a criminal. We will not know one way or the other.
As I noted previously, and you refused to accept, you jumped to a conclusion based on very limited information, including both the facts of the case and particulars of Utah law.
One more fact, I have no idea whether he saw my minor, non-moving violation prior to stopping me. In my youth, Utah did not require a front license plate on private cars. At some point, they changed the law to require a front plate. Outside our liberal capital who looked for any reason to write a ticket for revenue, it was almost never enforced. It was sufficient cause to stop a car and check paperwork. I never ran a front plate on that classic car. Now, whether the officer saw the lack of front plate before stopping me is unknown. I suspect he didn't since he inspected the front of my car after the stop to determine whether it was the car he was looking for. Once he did see the front of the car, he saw the lack of a plate. That he didn't issue a citation or even mention it, is one evidence that the stop was legit rather than some made up fishing expedition. Cops who are fishing don't usually cut you loose without even asking for paperwork.
I disagree. From your cite:
Probable cause exists when there is a fair probability that a search will result in evidence of a crime being discovered.
Let's see, no more than 3 cars matching a good description in a ~25,000 square mile area. No more than a couple dozen matching a typical description in that same area. Back end of the car matches. But it is the front end that will really make the determination. Sounds like there is a "fair probability that a search will result in evidence of a crime being discovered." Unless of course you think "fair probability" actually requires something higher than 50%.
That is not the case as pointed out by
http://www.radford.edu/content/va-chiefs/home/october-2008/probably-cause.html
One of the great mysteries of American criminal procedure jurisprudence is just what probable cause means. At times, the courts have used language that suggests a “more likely than not” approach. For example, in Beck v. Ohio,6 the Supreme Court indicated that probable cause to arrest requires the police to possess information “sufficient to warrant a prudent man in believing that the petitioner had committed or was committing an offense.” A strong argument can be made that a person does not “believe” something unless the person thinks it is more likely than not to be true. The word “probable” itself is typically used in every day conversation to mean more likely than not.
Of course, words are often given a meaning in law that is different from the way they are used in everyday conversation. In another case, the Court indicated that “probable cause requires only a probability or substantial chance of criminal activity, not an actual showing of such activity."7 “Substantial chance” would appear to be a standard below that of more likely than not. What’s more, common sense, as well as the Supreme Court’s application of the probable cause standard in actual cases, suggests that the standard is less than more likely than not.
...
[W]hat the standard of probable cause is designed to do is to determine when the likelihood of finding something incriminating is great enough that society’s interest in permitting the police to search exceeds the suspect’s interest to be left along by the police and not have his privacy invaded.
The "invasion of privacy" for an officer to make a 60 second stop to get a look at the front end of car being driven in public (as opposed to say following the car for a longer distance until it the office can pass the car to look at the front end without making the stop) is pretty low. And so, the standard for PC is going to be lowered accordingly.
Furthermore, even if the officer only had RAS, we read this elsewhere at your linked site (Cornell Law)
https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/reasonable_suspicion
Reasonable suspicion is a standard used in criminal procedure. It is looser than probable cause. Reasonable suspicion is sufficient to justify brief stops and detentions, but not enough to justify a full search. When determining reasonable suspicion, courts consider the events leading up to the brief stop and a decide whether these facts, viewed from the standpoint of an objectively reasonable police officer, amount to reasonable suspicion.
Courts look at the totality of the circumstances of each case to see whether the officer has a particularized and objective basis for suspecting legal wrongdoing.
No court in Utah or elsewhere in the nation is going to rule that the stop of my car, for the reason stated by the officer, was a violation of rights. That is true regardless of whether I had or had not engaged in some violation of motor vehicle laws, unbeknownst to the officer. Maybe you think the MO courts should rule a violation of rights under these conditions. And if you can provide a citation of such a ruling in a materially similar case, I'll concede you are correct. But I don't think you'll find such a case. A 60 second stop, not even asking for paperwork, is a very, very minor intrusion. But do feel free to prove me wrong if you can.
Charles