The Constitution APPLIED to the federal government. Don't believe me? Read the notes that were taken by some of the framers (there was no official record kept), read the ratification debates of the several states. That's where you will find the intent of the framers. Find out for yourself what the framers had in mind when they were debating the wording of the Constitution. Then tell me that the Constitution applies to the states.
We do not need the notes of the framers, as to whom/what the Constitution applied is precisely detailed in the Constitution itself:
Article 1 - The Legislative Branch
Section 1 - The Legislature: "All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States..."
Article V - Amendment: "The Congress, whenever two thirds of both Houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose Amendments to this Constitution, or, on the Application of the Legislatures of two thirds of the several States, shall call a Convention for proposing Amendments, which, in either Case, shall be valid to all Intents and Purposes, as part of this Constitution, when ratified by the Legislatures of three fourths of the several States, or by Conventions in three fourths thereof, as the one or the other Mode of Ratification may be proposed by the Congress; Provided that no Amendment which may be made prior to the Year One thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any Manner affect the first and fourth Clauses in the Ninth Section of the first Article; and that no State, without its Consent, shall be deprived of its equal Suffrage in the Senate."
Article VI: "This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in Pursuance thereof; and all Treaties made, or which shall be made, under the Authority of the United States, shall be the supreme Law of the Land; and the Judges in every State shall be bound thereby, any Thing in the Constitution or Laws of any State to the Contrary notwithstanding."
Even 10A does not say it applies to the states.
Yes it does: Amendment 10 - Powers of the States and People: "The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States,
are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people."
I'd paraphrase it, but the best paraphrase is a direct quote.
Even 14A was not meant to incorporate the BOR to the states.
Your logic fails: The Constitution itself applies to the United States, but only those powers specifically enumerated therein, with all other powers and rights being retained by the individual states or the people. Thus, the Constitution most certainly applied to the States as well as to the United States.
All amendments to the Constitution apply in precisely the same manner as the Constitution itself.
The 14th and 15th Amendments (along with several others) were necessary to clarify the intent of the Constitution, namely, that it applied equally to all men (as in "mankind," which includes women).