However it makes mention in that same statute that no penalty may be applied where a firearm may be constitutionally carried. Given that you can legally open carry in some of those places I would say that you would have a considerable legal defense against prosecution, but I will submit that you would have to bear the costs to defend yourself against that prosecution.
From KRS 237.110:
"(2) An original or renewal license issued pursuant to this section shall:
(a) Be valid throughout the Commonwealth and, EXCEPT AS PROVIDED IN THIS SECTION OR ANOTHER SPECIFIC SECTION of the Kentucky Revised Statutes or federal law, permit the holder of the license to carry firearms, ammunition, or other deadly weapons, or a combination thereof, at any location in the Commonwealth;"
This is the very beginning of KRS 237.110 (the concealed carry statute) and specifically says you can NOT carry a CONCEALED deadly weapon at places that are mentioned as off limits in the Kentucky Revised Statutes.
From KRS 237.115: (the statute you have quoted)
"(3) Unless otherwise SPECIFICALLY provided by the Kentucky Revised Statutes or applicable federal law, no criminal penalty shall attach to carrying a concealed firearm or other deadly weapon with a permit at any location at which an unconcealed firearm or other deadly weapon may be constitutionally carried."
Notice this statute also says "UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFICALLY PROVIDED BY THE KENTUCKY REVISED STATUTES." KRS 237.110 SPECIFICALLY states the locations that are off limits and against the law to carry CONCEALED in; those places are:
(16) Except as provided in KRS 527.020, no license issued pursuant to this section shall authorize any person to carry a concealed firearm into:
(a) Any police station or sheriff's office;
(b) Any detention facility, prison, or jail;
(c) Any courthouse, solely occupied by the Court of Justice courtroom, or court proceeding;
(d) Any meeting of the governing body of a county, municipality, or special district; or any meeting of the General Assembly or a committee of the General Assembly, except that nothing in this section shall preclude a member of the body, holding a concealed deadly weapon license, from carrying a concealed deadly weapon at a meeting of the body of which he or she is a member;
(e) Any portion of an establishment licensed to dispense beer or alcoholic beverages for consumption on the premises, which portion of the establishment is primarily devoted to that purpose;
(f) Any elementary or secondary school facility without the consent of school authorities as provided in KRS 527.070, any child-caring facility as defined in KRS 199.011, any day-care center as defined in KRS 199.894, or any certified family child-care home as defined in KRS 199.8982, except however, any owner of a certified child-care home may carry a concealed firearm into the owner's residence used as a certified child-care home;
(g)An area of an airport to which access is controlled by the inspection of
persons and property; or
(h) Any place where the carrying of firearms is prohibited by federal law.
It is AGAINST THE LAW to carry CONCEALED in the above places regardless of whether you can constitutionally carry an openly carried firearm in them.